King Bomba and the dynasty Garibaldi overthrew
The worshippers of Bomba's god dethroned Bomba.
King Bomba was Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies (1810–1859), whose repression of the Sicilian revolution, including bombardment of its cities, gave him the nickname. The contemporary liberal account in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica makes him an emblem of arbitrary government. But Chesterton compresses two reigns into one: Ferdinand died in May 1859; Garibaldi's expedition began in May 1860 and expelled Ferdinand's son Francis II from Naples that September. The dynasty's remaining stronghold at Gaeta capitulated in February 1861. See the articles on Ferdinand II, paragraphs on Sicily, and Francis II, the accession and 1860–61 campaign.
The sentence works best as a claim that a Christian society overthrew a Christian dynasty, rather than as literal biography. That establishes the possibility of rebellion within Christendom; it does not by itself establish Chesterton's stronger explanation that theological transcendence caused the rebellion. The historical narrative supplies neither a survey of the insurgents' beliefs nor a comparison proving that cause.
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