Modernists in the shadow of the 1907 condemnation
though all the Modernists wail to it
The capital letter gives this jibe a specific contemporary resonance. Pius X's encyclical Pascendi dominici gregis, dated 8 September 1907, bears the subtitle 'On the Doctrines of the Modernists'; Orthodoxy first appeared in 1908. The controversy concerned theology and the authority of dogma, not simply enthusiasm for modern life. In sections 12–13 the encyclical represents its opponents as treating dogmatic formulas as expressions or instruments of religious experience that must change as their relation to believers changes. That makes a pertinent background for Chesterton's contrasting picture of theology stubbornly preserving an inconvenient detail because it fits reality. Pascendi, sections 12–13.
This is a contextual identification, not proof that Chesterton is answering the encyclical or a particular Modernist author. The encyclical is an authoritative Catholic condemnation and a hostile synthesis of the positions it attacks; it cannot by itself establish what every person placed under that label believed. Chesterton names no individual here, and his two-heart example remains an invented analogy, not a quotation of a Modernist proposal.
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