An army of banners from the Song of Songs
fair as the sun, clear as the moon, terrible as an army with banners
The closing image adapts Song of Solomon 6:10 in the King James Version: 'fair as the moon, clear as the sun'. Chesterton reverses the heavenly bodies, drops the conjunction before 'terrible', and makes the description modify his Christian 'outer light'. It is a recognizable biblical adaptation, not an exact quotation. The verse itself praises a woman within the Song's language of love and beauty; the immediately preceding verse also describes her singularity and the praise she receives. KJV, Song of Solomon 6:9–10.
The borrowed imagery allows beauty and formidable collective strength to coincide. That is especially apt after the 'divine company' and 'divine captain': the attraction drawing the believer outward is also something under whose banners one can enlist. This is an interpretation of Chesterton's deployment of the verse, rather than a claim that the biblical poem originally describes his contrast between introspection and Christian allegiance.
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